Distribution

Breeding Range

Figure 1. Northern limits of breeding include se. Yukon (potentially - species present but not recorded breeding; Sinclair et al. 2003), s. NW Territories (Sass and Buffalo rivers; Godfrey 1986), central Saskatchewan (Smith 1996), n.-central Manitoba (http://www.birdatlas.mb.ca/mbdata/maps.jsp?lang=en), n. Ontario (Northern Shield and Hudson Bay Lowlands; James 2007), central Quebec (north to ca. 51°N) and east to Anticosti I. (Todd 1963; Langevin and Lafontaine 1996), sw. Newfoundland (Warkentin and Newton 2009) and the n. Maritime Provinces (http://www.mba-aom.ca/jsp/map.jsp).

Breeding range extends west to include areas in ne. British Columbia east of the Rocky Mtns. (Campbell et al. 1997b Campbell, R. W., N. K. Dawe, I. McTaggart-Cowan, J. M. Cooper, G. W. Kaiser, M. C. E. McNall, and G. E. J. Smith (1997). The Birds of British Columbia. Volume 3. Passerines: Flycatchers Through Vireos. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Close ) and south to sw. and e.-central Alberta (Semenchuk 1992 Semenchuk, G. P. (1992). The Atlas of Breeding Birds of Alberta. Federation of Alberta Naturalists, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Close ); w.-central and se. Saskatchewan (Smith 1996b Smith, A. R. (1996). Atlas of Saskatchewan Birds. Saskatchewan Natural History Society Special Publications 22, Regina, SK, Canada. Close ); se. Manitoba (see above); ne. Minnesota; n. Wisconsin (http://www.uwgb.edu/birds/wbba/species/maps/BHVI.htm); and Upper Peninsula and (locally) in Lower Peninsula of Michigan (http://www.mibirdatlas.org/Portals/12/MBA2010/BHVIaccount.pdf).

Also found locally in southernmost Ontario (http://www.birdsontario.org/atlas/maps.jsp); extreme ne. Ohio (Ohio Breeding Bird Atlas); Pennsylvania (all except southeastern and southwestern counties; Morton 2012 ); nw. New Jersey (Highlands and Kittatinny Mtns.; Walsh et al. 1999); New York State, except southeast (and Long I.), Lake Plain and Mohawk Valley (http://www.dec.ny.gov/cfmx/extapps/bba/bbaMaps.cfm?bndcode=BHVI&order=2&year=2000&comp=0); s. Connecticut, excluding Connecticut River valley (Bevier 1994d Bevier, L. R. (1994). The Atlas of Breeding Birds of Connecticut. State Geological and Natural History Survey of Connecticut, Bulletin 113. Close ); w. Rhode Island (Enser 1992 Enser, R. W. (1992). The atlas of breeding birds in Rhode Island (1982-1987). Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management. Close ); western and central Massachusetts (Veit and Petersen 1993 Veit, R. R., and W. R. Petersen (1993). The Birds of Massachusetts. Massachussetts Audubon Society, Lincoln, Massachusetts, USA. Close ; http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/bba/index.cfm?fa=explore.ResultsSummary&BBA_ID=MA2007); and extreme s. Maine (Adamus 1987 Adamus, P. R. (1987). Atlas of Breeding Birds in Maine, 1978–1983. Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, Augusta, ME, USA. Close ).

Breeding range extends south from Pennsylvania through the Appalachian Mtns. of w. Maryland (Ellison 2010), e. and sw. West Virginia (Buckelew and Hall 1994 Buckelew, A. R., Jr., and G. A. Hall (1994). The West Virginia Breeding Bird Atlas. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Close ), w. Virginia (eBird data), se. Kentucky (Palmer-Ball 1996 Palmer-Ball, B. L., Jr. (1996). The Kentucky Breeding Bird Atlas. University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA. Close ), e. Tennessee (Nicholson 1997b Nicholson, C. P. (1997). Atlas of the Breeding Birds of Tennessee. University Press of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA. Close ), w. North Carolina (Potter et al. 1980 Potter, E. E., J. F. Parnell, and R. P. Teulings (1980). Birds of the Carolinas. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. Close , eBird data), nw. South Carolina (http://www.dnr.sc.gov/wildlife/bbatlas/bba.html), and n. Georgia (with recent expansion into the southern Piedmont: n.-central Georgia; Keyes 2010).

Winter Range

{Figure 1, Figure 6}. Winters from extreme se. Virginia, e. North Carolina, eastern half of S. Carolina, central Georgia, central Alabama, central Mississippi, central Louisiana, extreme se. Arkansas, se. and w.-central Texas, south to s. Florida, the Gulf Coast, and Mexico (Oberholser 1974 Oberholser, H. C. (1974). The Bird Life of Texas. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas, USA. Close , Potter et al. 1980 Potter, E. E., J. F. Parnell, and R. P. Teulings (1980). Birds of the Carolinas. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. Close , James and Neal 1986 James, D. A., and J. C. Neal (1986). Arkansas Birds: Their Distribution and Abundance. University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville, AR, USA. Close , Root 1988b Root, T. (1988). Atlas of Wintering North American Birds: An Analysis of Christmas Bird Count Data. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, USA. Close , Hamel 1992 Hamel, P. B. (1992). Land Manager's Guide to the Birds of the South. The Nature Conservancy and the U.S. Forest Service, Southern Region, Atlanta, GA, and Chapel Hill, NC, USA. Close , McNair and Post 1993b McNair, D. B., and W. Post (1993b). Supplement to "Status and Distribution of South Carolina Birds". Charleston Museum Ornithological Contributions no. 8. Charleston, SC, USA. Close , Stevenson and Anderson 1994b Stevenson, H. M., and B. H. Anderson (1994). The Birdlife of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA. Close ). Highest early winter concentrations in the USA are along the Gulf Coast, n. Florida to Louisiana (see Fig. 7).

Range extends south through e. and s. Mexico, mainly on Gulf slope mountains, in e. Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, e. San Luis Potosí, e. Hidalgo, Tlaxcala, Puebla, and Veracruz; in Oaxaca and Chiapas, including the Pacific slope, west into Guerrero (Phillips 1991 Phillips, A. R. (1991). The Known Birds of North and Middle America Part II: Bombycillidae; Sylviidae to Sturnidae; Vireonidae. A. R. Phillips, Denver, CO, USA. Close , Howell and Webb 1995 Howell, S. N. G., and S. Webb (1995). A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA. Close ); highlands of s. Guatemala, s. Honduras, El Salvador, to nw. Nicaragua (Dickey and van Rossem 1938 Dickey, D. R., and A. J. van Rossem (1938). The birds of El Salvador. Field Museum of Natural History Zoological Series, Chicago, IL, USA. Close , Monroe 1968 Monroe, B. L., Jr. (1968). A distributional survey of the birds of Honduras. Ornithological Monographs 7. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC, USA. Close , Land 1970 Land, H. C. (1970). The Birds of Guatemala. Livingston Publishing Company, Wynnewood, PA, USA. Close , Phillips 1991 Phillips, A. R. (1991). The Known Birds of North and Middle America Part II: Bombycillidae; Sylviidae to Sturnidae; Vireonidae. A. R. Phillips, Denver, CO, USA. Close , Howell and Webb 1995 Howell, S. N. G., and S. Webb (1995). A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA. Close ). Range along the Pacific slope of Mexico and Central America excludes the immediate coast (Howell and Webb 1995 Howell, S. N. G., and S. Webb (1995). A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA. Close ). Rare in w. Cuba and Isle of Pines (Garrido and García Montaña 1975 Garrido, O. H. and F. García Montaña (1975). Catálogo de las Aves de Cuba. Academia de Ciencias de Cuba, La Habana, Cuba. Close ), and rare in the U.S. north of se. Virginia.

Extralimital Records

Casual in the Bahamas, Jamaica (Arendt 1992 Arendt, W. J. (1992). Status of North American migrant landbirds in the Caribbean region: A summary. In Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds (J. M. Hagan III and D. W. Johnston, Editors), Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, USA. pp. 143–171. Close ), Costa Rica, Panama (Wetmore et al. 1984 Wetmore, A., R. F. Pasquier, and S. L. Olson (1984). The Birds of the Republic of Panama, Part 4-Passeriformes: Hirundinidae (Swallows) to Fringillidae (Finches). Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 150, Part 4. Close , Ridgely and Gwynne 1989 Ridgely, R. S., and J. Gwynne (1989). A Guide to the Birds of Panama, with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Honduras. 2nd Edition. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA. Close , Stiles and Skutch 1989 Stiles, F. G., and A. F. Skutch (1989). A Guide to the Birds of Costa Rica. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, USA. Close ), and s. Mexico in Michoacán, Morelos, and Yucatán Peninsula (Howell and Webb 1995 Howell, S. N. G., and S. Webb (1995). A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA. Close ).

In the 19th century, probably disappeared from many areas adjacent to its present range following extensive forest-clearing in se. Canada and the e. U.S. Now moving back into reforested areas in Wisconsin (Harriman 2006), n. Illinois (Kleen et al. 2004), s. Michigan (Brewer et al. 1991 Brewer, R. G., A. McPeak, and R. J. Adams Jr. (1991). The Atlas of Breeding Birds of Michigan. Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, MI, USA. Close ), s. Ontario (James 2007), nw. and se. Ohio (Peterjohn and Rice 1991 Peterjohn, B. G., and D. L. Rice (1991). The Ohio Breeding Bird Atlas. Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Columbus, OH, USA. Close ), Pennsylvania (Wilson et al. 2012), NY State (especially higher elevations; McGowan 2008), n.-central Georgia (Keyes 2010), central S. Carolina (McNair and Post 1993b McNair, D. B., and W. Post (1993b). Supplement to "Status and Distribution of South Carolina Birds". Charleston Museum Ornithological Contributions no. 8. Charleston, SC, USA. Close ), and probably elsewhere.