Distribution

Breeding Range

Figure 1 . Alaska and Canada. Breeds in sw., south-coastal, and se. Alaska (including the Pribilof Is., Kodiak I., and throughout most of the Aleutians; Gabrielson and Lincoln 1959 Gabrielson, I. N., and F. C. Lincoln (1959). The Birds of Alaska. Stackpole Company, Harrisburg, PA, USA. Close , Armstrong 1981, American Ornithologists' Union 1998a American Ornithologists' Union (1998). Check-list of North American Birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC, USA. Close ). In Canada, breeds throughout British Columbia (including Queen Charlotte Is., Vancouver I., and other offshore islands, but breeding records lacking for central and northern interior; breeding unconfirmed but assumed to occur throughout remainder of n. British Columbia; Canady et al. 1984 Canady, R. A., D. E. Kroodsma and F. Nottebohm. (1984). Population differences in complexity of a learned skill are correlated with the brain space involved. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 81:6232-6234. Close ); extreme se. Yukon, where probable breeder (Birds of Yukon Project unpubl.); s.-central Mackenzie, where possibly breeding (American Ornithologists' Union 1998a American Ornithologists' Union (1998). Check-list of North American Birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC, USA. Close ); throughout Alberta (except absent from eastern half of s. Alberta and few records in nw. and n. Alberta; Semenchuk 1992 Semenchuk, G. P. (1992). The Atlas of Breeding Birds of Alberta. Federation of Alberta Naturalists, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Close ); across central Saskatchewan (Smith 1996b Smith, A. R. (1996). Atlas of Saskatchewan Birds. Saskatchewan Natural History Society Special Publications 22, Regina, SK, Canada. Close ); throughout most of central and s. Manitoba (Godfrey 1986 Godfrey, W. E. (1986). The Birds of Canada. Revised Edition. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Close ); throughout all but northernmost Ontario (Richard 1987 Richard, M. A. (1987). "Winter Wren." In Atlas of the breeding birds of Ontario., edited by M. D. Cadman, P. F. J. Eagles and F. M. Helleiner, 308-309. Waterloo, ON: Univ. of Waterloo Press. Close ); throughout southern half of Quebec and all of Newfoundland (Godfrey 1986 Godfrey, W. E. (1986). The Birds of Canada. Revised Edition. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Close ); and throughout New Brunswick, Prince Edward Is., and Nova Scotia (Erskine 1992a Erskine, A. J. (1992). Atlas of Breeding Birds of the Maritime Provinces. Nova Scotia Museum, Halifax, NS, Canada. Close ).

Western United States. Along Pacific Coast, range extends south from Canadian border throughout forested habitats in w. Washington (from Cascades west; Smith et al. 1997 Smith, M. R., P. W. Mattocks Jr., and K. M. Cassidy (1997). Breeding Birds of Washington State. In Washington State Gap Analysis - Final Report (K. M. Cassidy, C. E. Grue, M. R. Smith, and K. M. Dvornich, Editors). Seattle Audubon Society Publications in Zoology no. 1., Seattle, Washington, USA. Close ), w. Oregon (from Cascades west; Gilligan et al. 1994 Gilligan, J. D., M. Rogers, A. Smith, and A. Contreras (1994). Birds of Oregon: Status and Distribution. Cinclus Publications, McMinnville, Oregon, USA. Close ), nw. and n.-central California and south through humid coastal forests of n. California to n. Marin Co., then patchily distributed in suitable forest and along shady stream gorges south to s. Monterey Co. In interior of California, breeds along Cascades-Sierra axis south to n. Kern Co., questionably farther south to Piute and Tehachapi Mtns.; southernmost California breeding records from San Marcos Pass (Santa Barbara Co.) and Greenhorn Mtn. (Kern Co.; Small 1994 Small, A. (1994). California Birds: Their Status and Distribution. Ibis Publishing Company, Vista, California, USA. Close ). East of Cascades, breeds from Canadian border south to n. Washington (Smith et al. 1997 Smith, M. R., P. W. Mattocks Jr., and K. M. Cassidy (1997). Breeding Birds of Washington State. In Washington State Gap Analysis - Final Report (K. M. Cassidy, C. E. Grue, M. R. Smith, and K. M. Dvornich, Editors). Seattle Audubon Society Publications in Zoology no. 1., Seattle, Washington, USA. Close ), Rocky Mtns. of nw. Montana (Montana Bird Distribution Committee 1996 Montana Bird Distribution Committee (1996). P. D. Skaar's Montana Bird Distribution. Fifth edition. Montana Natural Heritage Program Special Publications 3, Helena, MT, USA. Close ), northern half of Idaho (Stephens and Sturts 1998 Stephens, D. A., and S. H. Sturts (1998). Idaho Bird Distribution: Mapping by Latilong. Special Publication 13. Idaho Museum of Natural History. Close ), Blue Mtns. of ne. Oregon (Gilligan et al. 1994 Gilligan, J. D., M. Rogers, A. Smith, and A. Contreras (1994). Birds of Oregon: Status and Distribution. Cinclus Publications, McMinnville, Oregon, USA. Close ), and extreme se. Washington (Smith et al. 1997 Smith, M. R., P. W. Mattocks Jr., and K. M. Cassidy (1997). Breeding Birds of Washington State. In Washington State Gap Analysis - Final Report (K. M. Cassidy, C. E. Grue, M. R. Smith, and K. M. Dvornich, Editors). Seattle Audubon Society Publications in Zoology no. 1., Seattle, Washington, USA. Close ). Small numbers also summer and possibly breed in Jarbridge Range (n. Elko Co.) and Carson Range (sw. Washoe Co.) of Nevada (T. Floyd pers. comm.), and along Mogollon Rim of Arizona (Averill-Murray et al. 1999b Averill-Murray, A., C. J. Wise and T. E. Corman. (1999b). Arizona breeding bird atlas project, 1999 progress report. Phoenix: Arizona Game Fish Dep. Close ).

Eastern United States. Breeds from Canadian border south to ne. Minnesota (Janssen 1987 Janssen, R. B. (1987). Birds in Minnesota. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. Close ), s.-central Wisconsin (Wisconsin Breeding Bird Atlas [BBA] unpubl.), s. Michigan (Ewert 1991 Ewert, D. N. (1991). "Winter Wren." In The atlas of breeding birds of Michigan., edited by R. Brewer, G. A. McPeek and Jr R. J. Adams, 336-337. East Lansing: Michigan State Univ. Press. Close ), ne Ohio (Lake, Geauga, Cuyahoga Cos.; Peterjohn 1989b Peterjohn, B. G. (1989). The Birds of Ohio. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN, USA. Close , Peterjohn and Rice 1991 Peterjohn, B. G., and D. L. Rice (1991). The Ohio Breeding Bird Atlas. Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Columbus, OH, USA. Close ), northern half of Pennsylvania (McWilliams and Brauning 2000 McWilliams, G. M., and D. W. Brauning (2000). The Birds of Pennsylvania. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, USA. Close ), n. New Jersey (Walsh et al. 1999b Walsh, J., V. Elia, R. Kane, and T. Halliwell (1999). Birds of New Jersey. New Jersey Audubon Society, Bernardsville, New Jersey, USA. Close ), se. New York (excluding Long I.; McKinney 1998 McKinney, R. G. (1998). "Winter Wren." In Bull's birds of New York State., edited by E. Levine, 420-421. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press. Close ), nw. and ne. Connecticut (Ellison 1994b Ellison, W. G. (1994b). "Winter Wren." In The atlas of breeding birds of Connecticut., edited by L. Bevier, 254-255. State Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Connecticut Bull. No. 113. Close ), and se. Massachusetts (excluding Cape Cod; Veit and Petersen 1993 Veit, R. R., and W. R. Petersen (1993). The Birds of Massachusetts. Massachussetts Audubon Society, Lincoln, Massachusetts, USA. Close ). Also breeds in Appalachians from sw. Pennsylvania (McWilliams and Brauning 2000 McWilliams, G. M., and D. W. Brauning (2000). The Birds of Pennsylvania. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, USA. Close ) south through w. Maryland (Wennerstrom 1996 Wennerstrom, J. (1996). "Winter Wren." In Atlas of breeding birds of Maryland and the District of Columbia., edited by C. S. Robbins, 274-275. Pittsburgh, PA: Univ. of Pittsburgh Press. Close ), e. West Virginia (Buckelew and Hall 1994 Buckelew, A. R., Jr., and G. A. Hall (1994). The West Virginia Breeding Bird Atlas. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Close ), w. Virginia (Virginia BBA unpubl.), to e. Tennessee (south to Monroe Co.; Stedman 1997 Stedman, B. H. (1997). "Winter Wren." In Atlas of breeding birds of Tennessee., edited by C. P. Nicholson, 236-238. Knoxville: Univ. of Tennessee Press. Close ), and w. North Carolina (American Ornithologists' Union 1998a American Ornithologists' Union (1998). Check-list of North American Birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC, USA. Close ), and in ne. Georgia (areas above 900 m in Union and Towns Cos.; Georgia BBA unpubl.).

Summer records also from other locations just south and north of main range; e.g., ne. Saskatchewan (Smith 1996b Smith, A. R. (1996). Atlas of Saskatchewan Birds. Saskatchewan Natural History Society Special Publications 22, Regina, SK, Canada. Close ) and n. Indiana (Keller and Castrale 1998h Keller, T. C. and J. C. Castrale. (1998h). "Winter Wren." In Atlas of breeding birds of Indiana., edited by J. S. Castrale, E. M. Hopkins and C. E. Keller, 360. Indianapolis: Indiana Dep. Nat. Resour. Close ).

Winter Range

Figure 1 . Has a more widespread distribution in winter than during the breeding season. Winters throughout breeding range in Alaska (including Pribilof and Aleutian Is.; Armstrong 1980). South of Alaska winters in coastal and s. British Columbia (including Queen Charlotte Is., Vancouver I., and other offshore islands; Campbell et al. 1997b Campbell, R. W., N. K. Dawe, I. McTaggart-Cowan, J. M. Cooper, G. W. Kaiser, M. C. E. McNall, and G. E. J. Smith (1997). The Birds of British Columbia. Volume 3. Passerines: Flycatchers Through Vireos. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Close ), extreme sw. Alberta, throughout remainder of breeding range in w. North America. Also winters in nonbreeding portions of Washington, Oregon, and n. California (Gilligan et al. 1994 Gilligan, J. D., M. Rogers, A. Smith, and A. Contreras (1994). Birds of Oregon: Status and Distribution. Cinclus Publications, McMinnville, Oregon, USA. Close , Small 1994 Small, A. (1994). California Birds: Their Status and Distribution. Ibis Publishing Company, Vista, California, USA. Close , Christmas Bird Count [CBC] data), in extreme w. Nevada (T. Floyd pers. comm.), in foothills of Central Valley of California, in California coast range south to Los Angeles Co. (exceptionally farther south; Small 1994 Small, A. (1994). California Birds: Their Status and Distribution. Ibis Publishing Company, Vista, California, USA. Close ), and along lower Colorado River of se. California and sw. Arizona (Rosenberg et al. 1991 Rosenberg, K. V., R. D. Ohmart, W. C. Hunter, and B. W. Anderson (1991). Birds of the Lower Colorado River Valley. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, USA. Close ).

In e. North America, winters from s. Iowa, n. Illinois, n. Indiana, extreme se. Michigan, extreme s. Ontario, central New York, n. Connecticut, se. New Hampshire, and extreme se. Maine, south to Gulf Coast and nw. Florida, and west to e. Kansas, central and e. Oklahoma, and eastern half of Texas, south to about Matagorda Co. (CBC data). Also winters locally, in very small numbers throughout s. Rocky Mtn. and s. Great Plains regions of w. and central U.S. south to Arizona and New Mexico (Hubbard 1978c Hubbard, J. P. (1978). Revised check-list of the birds of New Mexico. New Mexico Ornithological Society Publication 6, New Mexico, USA. Close , Brown et al. 1984 Brown, B. T., S. W. Carothers, L. T. Haight, R. R. Johnson, and M. M. Riffey (1984). Birds of the Grand Canyon region: annotated checklist. Grand Canyon Nat. Hist. Assoc. Monog. 1. Close , American Ornithologists' Union 1998a American Ornithologists' Union (1998). Check-list of North American Birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC, USA. Close , CBC data), and in extreme ne. Mexico (Coahuila to Tamaulipas, from near sea level to 2,000 m; Phillips 1986a Phillips, A. R. (1986). The Known Birds of North and Middle America, Part I. Hirundinidae to Mimidae; Certhiidae. Denver Museum of Natural History, Denver, Colorado, USA. Close , Howell and Webb 1995 Howell, S. N. G., and S. Webb (1995). A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA. Close ). Very rare in central and s. Florida Peninsula (Stevenson and Anderson 1994b Stevenson, H. M., and B. H. Anderson (1994). The Birdlife of Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA. Close ). Casually winters farther north; sometimes winters in small numbers in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, rarely to Newfoundland (Godfrey 1986 Godfrey, W. E. (1986). The Birds of Canada. Revised Edition. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Close , American Ornithologists' Union 1998a American Ornithologists' Union (1998). Check-list of North American Birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC, USA. Close ).

Other Records

Accidental in n. Alaska (Point Barrow; American Ornithologists' Union 1998a American Ornithologists' Union (1998). Check-list of North American Birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC, USA. Close ).

In California, Grinnell (Grinnell 1902a Grinnell, J. (1902a). Check-list of California birds. Santa Clara, CA: Cooper Ornithol. Club of California. Close ) considered newly fledged young taken along Little Sur River, Monterey Co., to be the southernmost breeding anywhere in the U.S. Early workers may have overlooked small populations farther south, as access to southern Big Sur coast was exceptionally difficult prior to building of Highway 1, but it is possible that the coastal range has expanded southward in recent decades (Bailey 1993d Bailey, S. F. (1993d). "Winter Wren." In Atlas of the breeding birds of Monterey County., edited by D. Roberson and C. Tenney, 276-277. Pacific Grove, CA: Monterey Peninsula Audubon Soc. Close ). In Wyoming, recorded as nesting in 1897 (McCreary 1939 McCreary, O. (1939). Wyoming Bird Life. Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Close ) with no record of breeding since (Oakleaf et al. 1992 Oakleaf, B., D. Luce, S. Ritter, and A. Cerovski (1992). Wyoming Bird and Mammal Atlas. Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Laramie, WY, USA. Close ). May have expanded its distribution in Vermont (Ellison 1985j Ellison, W. G. (1985j). "Winter Wren." In The atlas of breeding birds of Vermont., edited by S. B. Laughlin and D. P. Kibbe, 226-227. Hanover, NH: Univ. Press of New England. Close ), Connecticut (Ellison 1994b Ellison, W. G. (1994b). "Winter Wren." In The atlas of breeding birds of Connecticut., edited by L. Bevier, 254-255. State Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Connecticut Bull. No. 113. Close ), Rhode Island (Enser 1992 Enser, R. W. (1992). The atlas of breeding birds in Rhode Island (1982-1987). Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management. Close ), and New York (Bonney 1988a Bonney, Jr., R. (1988a). "Winter Wren." In The atlas of breeding birds in New York State., edited by R. F. Andrle and J. R. Carroll, 304-305. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press. Close ) due to increased forest cover in the region.